Spectrogram - changing frequency range.

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Hello!
I am plotting a spectrogram using the spectrogram function and get a plot as shown below.
I require the frequency range from 0 to 50 Hz. When I use the xlim([0 50]) function the spectrogram seems to pixelate.
Could someone help me calculate the spectrogram for specific frequencies without pixelation? My code for spectrogram is as follows;
[S, F, T, P] = spectrogram(data, 250, 240, 2000, fs);
figure;
surf(T, F, P, 'edgecolor' , 'none');
axis tight;
view(0, 90);

Accepted Answer

Mathieu NOE
Mathieu NOE on 30 Sep 2021
hello
to get a "better" spectrogram you can first decimate the input signal so that the frequency range is reduced (like a fft zoom to lower frequencies instead of making very long fft buffer and taking only the low frequency values)
second, you have to play with the nfft (fft buffer length) and overlap ratio. More overlap will take more time to plot the spectrogram but the result will looks smoother.
in my demo code below you can also force the spectrogram amplitude to be adjusted to a certain range
example here :
spectrogram_dB_scale = 60
means the min to max scale will be limited to a 60 dB dynamic range (or factor 1000 between the max and lowest min value displayed);
try this code that let you play with the different parameters :
clc
clearvars
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% load signal
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% data
[signal,Fs] = audioread('test_voice.wav');
[samples,channels] = size(signal);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% FFT parameters
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
NFFT = 1024; %
OVERLAP = 0.75;
% spectrogram dB scale
spectrogram_dB_scale = 60; % dB range scale (means , the lowest displayed level is XX dB below the max level)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% options
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% if you are dealing with acoustics, you may wish to have A weighted
% spectrums
% option_w = 0 : linear spectrum (no weighting dB (L) )
% option_w = 1 : A weighted spectrum (dB (A) )
option_w = 0;
%% decimate (if needed)
% NB : decim = 1 will do nothing (output = input)
decim = 4;
if decim>1
for ck = 1:channels
newsignal(:,ck) = decimate(signal(:,ck),decim);
Fs = Fs/decim;
end
signal = newsignal;
end
samples = length(signal);
time = (0:samples-1)*1/Fs;
%%%%%% legend structure %%%%%%%%
for ck = 1:channels
leg_str{ck} = ['Channel ' num2str(ck) ];
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% display 1 : time domain plot
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
figure(1),plot(time,signal);grid on
title(['Time plot / Fs = ' num2str(Fs) ' Hz ']);
xlabel('Time (s)');ylabel('Amplitude');
legend(leg_str);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% display 2 : averaged FFT spectrum
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
[freq, sensor_spectrum] = myfft_peak(signal,Fs,NFFT,OVERLAP);
% convert to dB scale (ref = 1)
sensor_spectrum_dB = 20*log10(sensor_spectrum);
% apply A weigthing if needed
if option_w == 1
pondA_dB = pondA_function(freq);
sensor_spectrum_dB = sensor_spectrum_dB+pondA_dB;
my_ylabel = ('Amplitude (dB (A))');
else
my_ylabel = ('Amplitude (dB (L))');
end
figure(2),plot(freq,sensor_spectrum_dB);grid on
df = freq(2)-freq(1); % frequency resolution
title(['Averaged FFT Spectrum / Fs = ' num2str(Fs) ' Hz / Delta f = ' num2str(df,3) ' Hz ']);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');ylabel(my_ylabel);
legend(leg_str);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% display 3 : time / frequency analysis : spectrogram demo
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
for ck = 1:channels
[sg,fsg,tsg] = specgram(signal(:,ck),NFFT,Fs,hanning(NFFT),floor(NFFT*OVERLAP));
% FFT normalisation and conversion amplitude from linear to dB (peak)
sg_dBpeak = 20*log10(abs(sg))+20*log10(2/length(fsg)); % NB : X=fft(x.*hanning(N))*4/N; % hanning only
% apply A weigthing if needed
if option_w == 1
pondA_dB = pondA_function(fsg);
sg_dBpeak = sg_dBpeak+(pondA_dB*ones(1,size(sg_dBpeak,2)));
my_title = ('Spectrogram (dB (A))');
else
my_title = ('Spectrogram (dB (L))');
end
% saturation of the dB range :
% saturation_dB = 60; % dB range scale (means , the lowest displayed level is XX dB below the max level)
min_disp_dB = round(max(max(sg_dBpeak))) - spectrogram_dB_scale;
sg_dBpeak(sg_dBpeak<min_disp_dB) = min_disp_dB;
% plots spectrogram
figure(2+ck);
imagesc(tsg,fsg,sg_dBpeak);colormap('jet');
axis('xy');colorbar('vert');grid on
df = fsg(2)-fsg(1); % freq resolution
title([my_title ' / Fs = ' num2str(Fs) ' Hz / Delta f = ' num2str(df,3) ' Hz / Channel : ' num2str(ck)]);
xlabel('Time (s)');ylabel('Frequency (Hz)');
end
function pondA_dB = pondA_function(f)
% dB (A) weighting curve
n = ((12200^2*f.^4)./((f.^2+20.6^2).*(f.^2+12200^2).*sqrt(f.^2+107.7^2).*sqrt(f.^2+737.9^2)));
r = ((12200^2*1000.^4)./((1000.^2+20.6^2).*(1000.^2+12200^2).*sqrt(1000.^2+107.7^2).*sqrt(1000.^2+737.9^2))) * ones(size(f));
pondA = n./r;
pondA_dB = 20*log10(pondA(:));
end
function [freq_vector,fft_spectrum] = myfft_peak(signal, Fs, nfft, Overlap)
% FFT peak spectrum of signal (example sinus amplitude 1 = 0 dB after fft).
% Linear averaging
% signal - input signal,
% Fs - Sampling frequency (Hz).
% nfft - FFT window size
% Overlap - buffer percentage of overlap % (between 0 and 0.95)
[samples,channels] = size(signal);
% fill signal with zeros if its length is lower than nfft
if samples<nfft
s_tmp = zeros(nfft,channels);
s_tmp((1:samples),:) = signal;
signal = s_tmp;
samples = nfft;
end
% window : hanning
window = hanning(nfft);
window = window(:);
% compute fft with overlap
offset = fix((1-Overlap)*nfft);
spectnum = 1+ fix((samples-nfft)/offset); % Number of windows
% % for info is equivalent to :
% noverlap = Overlap*nfft;
% spectnum = fix((samples-noverlap)/(nfft-noverlap)); % Number of windows
% main loop
fft_spectrum = 0;
for i=1:spectnum
start = (i-1)*offset;
sw = signal((1+start):(start+nfft),:).*(window*ones(1,channels));
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum + (abs(fft(sw))*4/nfft); % X=fft(x.*hanning(N))*4/N; % hanning only
end
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum/spectnum; % to do linear averaging scaling
% one sidded fft spectrum % Select first half
if rem(nfft,2) % nfft odd
select = (1:(nfft+1)/2)';
else
select = (1:nfft/2+1)';
end
fft_spectrum = fft_spectrum(select,:);
freq_vector = (select - 1)*Fs/nfft;
end
  2 Comments
Sparsha Kumari
Sparsha Kumari on 30 Sep 2021
Thank you for your response and the example code!
I have decimated the raw signal and filtered it before plotting the spectrogram. I will try playing with the overlap value and try the example your've shared.
Mathieu NOE
Mathieu NOE on 30 Sep 2021
Glad it can help you
FYI, decimate will also introduce a low pass filter before actually decimating the data
function odata = decimate(idata,r,nfilt,option)
%DECIMATE Resample data at a lower rate after lowpass filtering.
% Y = DECIMATE(X,R) resamples the sequence in vector X at 1/R times the
% original sample rate. The resulting resampled vector Y is R times
% shorter, i.e., LENGTH(Y) = CEIL(LENGTH(X)/R). By default, DECIMATE
% filters the data with an 8th order Chebyshev Type I lowpass filter with
% cutoff frequency .8*(Fs/2)/R, before resampling.

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