Direct Search Based Optimization of Six-Element Yagi-Uda Antenna

Design Parameters

Choose initial design parameters in the center of the VHF band [2]. The datasheet lists a $$50\Omega$$ input impedance after taking into account a balun. Our model does not account for the presence of the balun and therefore will match to the typical folded dipole input impedance of $$300\Omega$$.

fc = 165e6;
wirediameter = 12.7e-3;
c = physconst("lightspeed");
lambda = c/fc;
Z0 = 300;
BW = 0.05*fc;
fmin = fc - 2*(BW);
fmax = fc + 2*(BW);
Nf = 101;
freq = linspace(fmin,fmax,Nf);

Create Yagi-Uda Antenna

The driven element for the Yagi-Uda antenna is a folded dipole. This is a standard exciter for such an antenna. Adjust the length and width parameters of the folded dipole. Since we model cylindrical structures as equivalent metal strips, the width is calculated using a utility function available in the Antenna Toolbox™. The length is chosen to be $$\lambda /2$$ at the design frequency.

d = dipoleFolded;
d.Length = lambda/2;
d.Width = cylinder2strip(wirediameter/2);
d.Spacing = d.Length/60;

Create a Yagi-Uda antenna with the exciter as the folded dipole. Choose the reflector and director length to be $$\lambda /2$$. Set the number of directors to four. Choose the reflector and director spacing to be $$0.3\lambda$$, $$0.25\lambda$$ respectively. These choices are an initial guess and will serve as a start point for the optimization procedure. Show the initial design.

Numdirs = 4;
refLength = 0.5;
dirLength = 0.5*ones(1,Numdirs);
refSpacing = 0.3;
dirSpacing = 0.25*ones(1,Numdirs);
exLength = d.Length/lambda;
exSpacing = d.Spacing/lambda;
initialdesign = [refLength dirLength refSpacing dirSpacing exLength exSpacing].*lambda;
yagidesign = yagiUda;
yagidesign.Exciter = d;
yagidesign.NumDirectors = Numdirs;
yagidesign.ReflectorLength = refLength*lambda;
yagidesign.DirectorLength = dirLength.*lambda;
yagidesign.ReflectorSpacing = refSpacing*lambda;
yagidesign.DirectorSpacing = dirSpacing*lambda;
show(yagidesign)

Plot Radiation Pattern at Design Frequency

Prior to executing the optimization process, plot the radiation pattern for the initial guess in 3D.

fig1 = figure;
pattern(yagidesign,fc);

This initial Yagi-Uda antenna does not have a higher directivity in the preferred direction, meaning at zenith (elevation = 90 deg) and is therefore a poorly designed radiator.

Set Up Optimization

Use the following variables as control variables for the optimization:

In terms of a single vector parameter controlVals, set

In terms of controlVals, set an objective function that aims to have a large directivity value in the 90 degree direction, a small value in the -90 degree direction, and a large value of maximum power between the elevation beamwidth angle bounds. In addition to the directivity goal an impedance match condition is also included as a constraint. Any constraint violations will penalize the objective.

type yagi_objective_function_direct.m

function objectivevalue = yagi_objective_function_direct(y,controlVals,fc,BW,ang,Z0,constraints)
% YAGI_OBJECTIVE_FUNCTION_DIRECT returns the objective for a 6 element Yagi
% OBJECTIVE_VALUE =
% YAGI_OBJECTIVE_FUNCTION_DIRECT(Y,CONTROLVALS,FREQ,ANG,Z0,constraints), assigns
% the appropriate parasitic dimensions, CONTROLVALS to the Yagi antenna Y,
% and uses the frequency FREQ, angle pair,ANG, reference impedance Z0 and
% the constraints to calculate the objective function value.

% The YAGI_OBJECTIVE_FUNCTION_DIRECT function is used for an internal example.
% Its behavior may change in subsequent releases, so it should not be
% relied upon for programming purposes.

% Copyright 2018 The MathWorks, Inc.

y.ReflectorLength = controlVals(1);
y.DirectorLength  = controlVals(2:y.NumDirectors+1);
y.ReflectorSpacing = controlVals(y.NumDirectors+2);
y.DirectorSpacing = controlVals(y.NumDirectors+3:end-2);
y.Exciter.Length  = controlVals(end-1);
y.Exciter.Spacing = controlVals(end);


% Unpack constraints
Gmin = constraints.Gmin;
Gdev = constraints.Gdeviation;
FBmin = constraints.FBmin;
S11min = constraints.S11min;
K = constraints.Penalty;

% Calculate antenna port and field parameters
output = analyzeAntenna(y,fc,BW,ang,Z0);

% Form objective function
output1 = output.MaxDirectivity+output.MismatchLoss;    % Directivity/Gain at zenith

% Gain constraint, e.g. G > 10
c1 = 0;
if output1<Gmin
    c1 = Gmin-output1;
end

% Gain deviation constraint, abs(G-Gmin)<0.1;
c1_dev = 0;
if abs(output1-Gmin)>Gdev
    c1_dev = -Gdev + abs(output1-Gmin);
end

% Front to Back Ratio constraint, e.g. F/B > 15
c2 = 0;
if output.FB < FBmin
    c2 = FBmin-output.FB;
end

% Reflection Coefficient, S11 < -10
c3 = 0;
if output.S11 > S11min
   c3 = -S11min + output.S11; 
end

% Form the objective + constraints
objectivevalue = -output1 + max(0,(c1+c1_dev+c2+c3))*K;
end

function output = analyzeAntenna(ant,fc,BW,ang,Z0)
%ANALYZEANTENNA calculate the objective function
% OUTPUT = ANALYZEANTENNA(Y,FREQ,BW,ANG,Z0) performs analysis on the
% antenna ANT at the frequency, FC, and calculates the directivity at the
% angles specified by ANG and the front-to-back ratio. The reflection
% coefficient relative to reference impedance Z0, and impedance are
% computed over the bandwidth BW around FC.

fmin = fc - (BW/2);
fmax = fc + (BW/2);
Nf = 5;
freq = unique([fc,linspace(fmin,fmax,Nf)]);
fcIdx = freq==fc;
s = sparameters(ant,freq,Z0);
Z = impedance(ant,fc);
az = ang(1,:);
el = ang(2,:);
Dmax = pattern(ant,fc,az(1),el(1));
Dback = pattern(ant,fc,az(2),el(2));

% Calculate F/B
F_by_B = Dmax-Dback;

% Compute S11 and mismatch loss
s11 = rfparam(s,1,1);
S11 = max(20*log10(abs(s11)));
T = mean(10*log10(1 - (abs(s11)).^2));

% Form the output structure
output.MaxDirectivity= Dmax;
output.BackLobeLevel = Dback;
output.FB = F_by_B;
output.S11 = S11;
output.MismatchLoss = T;
output.Z = Z;
end

Set bounds on the control variables.

refLengthBounds = [0.3;                         % lower bound on reflector length
                   0.9];                        % upper bound on reflector spacing
dirLengthBounds = [0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3;             % lower bound on director length
                   0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7];            % upper bound on director length
refSpacingBounds = [0.05;                       % lower bound on reflector spacing
                    0.35];                      % upper bound on reflector spacing
dirSpacingBounds = [0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05;        % lower bound on director spacing
                    0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3];           % upper bound on director spacing
exciterLengthBounds = [0.45;                    % lower bound on exciter length
                       0.6];                    % upper bound on exciter length
exciterSpacingBounds = [.004;
                        .009];
                
LB = [refLengthBounds(1),dirLengthBounds(1,:) refSpacingBounds(1) dirSpacingBounds(1,:) exciterLengthBounds(1) exciterSpacingBounds(1)  ].*lambda;
UB = [refLengthBounds(2),dirLengthBounds(2,:) refSpacingBounds(2) dirSpacingBounds(2,:) exciterLengthBounds(2) exciterSpacingBounds(2) ].*lambda;
parameterBounds.LB = LB;
parameterBounds.UB = UB;
ang = [0 0;90 -90];                   % azimuth,elevation angles for main lobe and back lobe [az;el]

Direct Search Based Optimization

The Global Optimization Toolbox™ provides a direct search based optimization function called patternsearch. We use this function with options specified with the psoptimset function. At every iteration, plot the best value of the objective function and limit the total number of iterations to 300. Pass the objective function to the patternsearch function by using an anonymous function together with the bounds and the options structure.The objective function used during the optimization process by patternsearch is available in the file yagi_objective_function_direct.

The evaluation of the directivity in different directions corresponding to the angular region defined for maximum radiation as well as maximum sidelobe and the backlobe level is given in the function calculate_objectives available within yagi_objective_function_direct.

% Optimizer options
optimizerparams = optimoptions(@patternsearch);
optimizerparams.UseCompletePoll = true;    
optimizerparams.PlotFcns = @psplotbestf;
optimizerparams.UseParallel = canUseGPU();
optimizerparams.Cache = "on";
optimizerparams.MaxIter = 100;
optimizerparams.FunctionTolerance = 1e-2;

% Antenna design parameters
designparams.Antenna = yagidesign;
designparams.Bounds = parameterBounds;

% Analysis parameters
analysisparams.CenterFrequency = fc;
analysisparams.Bandwidth = BW;
analysisparams.ReferenceImpedance = Z0;
analysisparams.MainLobeDirection = ang(:,1);
analysisparams.BackLobeDirection = ang(:,2);

% Set constraints
constraints.S11min = -10;
constraints.Gmin = 10.5;
constraints.Gdeviation = 0.1;
constraints.FBmin = 15;
constraints.Penalty = 50;
optimdesign = optimizeAntennaDirect(designparams,analysisparams,constraints,optimizerparams); 

patternsearch stopped because it exceeded options.MaxIterations.

Plot Optimized Pattern

Plot the optimized antenna pattern at the design frequency.

yagidesign.ReflectorLength = optimdesign(1);
yagidesign.DirectorLength = optimdesign(2:5);
yagidesign.ReflectorSpacing = optimdesign(6);
yagidesign.DirectorSpacing = optimdesign(7:10);
yagidesign.Exciter.Length = optimdesign(11);
yagidesign.Exciter.Spacing = optimdesign(12);
fig2 = figure;
pattern(yagidesign,fc)

E and H-Plane Cuts of Pattern

To obtain a better insight into the behavior in the two orthogonal planes, plot the normalized magnitude of the electric field in the E and H-planes, i.e. azimuth = 0 and 90 deg respectively. Enable the antenna metrics on the polar pattern plots to establish the directivity at zenith, Front-to-Back ratio, and the beamwidth in E and H-planes.

 % fig3 = figure;
 % patternElevation(yagidesign,fc,0,Elevation=0:1:359);
 % pE = polarpattern("gco");
 % pE.AntennaMetrics = 1;

 % fig4 = figure;
 % patternElevation(yagidesign,fc,90,Elevation=0:1:359);
 % pH = polarpattern("gco");
 % pH.AntennaMetrics = 1;

The optimized design shows a significant improvement in the radiation pattern. There is higher directivity achieved in the desired direction toward zenith. The back lobe is small resulting in a good front to back ratio for this antenna.

Input Reflection Coefficient of Optimized Antenna

The input reflection coefficient for the optimized Yagi-Uda antenna is computed and plotted relative to the reference impedance of $$50\Omega$$. A value of -10 dB or lower is considered to be a good impedance match.

s = sparameters(yagidesign,freq,Z0);
fig5 = figure;
rfplot(s);

Comparison with Manufacturer Data Sheet

The optimized Yagi-Uda antenna achieves a forward directivity greater than 10 dBi, which translates to a value greater than 8 dBd (relative to a dipole). This is close to the gain value reported by the datasheet (8.5 dBd). The F/B ratio is greater than 15 dB. The optimized Yagi-Uda antenna has a E-plane and H-plane beamwidth that compare favorably to the datasheet listed values of 54 degrees and 63 degrees respectively. The design achieves a good impedance match to $$300\Omega$$, and has a -10 dB bandwidth of approximately 8%.

datasheetparam = {'Gain (dBi)';'F/B';'E-plane Beamwidth (deg.)';'H-plane Beamwidth (deg.)';'Impedance Bandwidth (%)'};
datasheetvals = [10.5,16,54,63,10]';
optimdesignvals = [10.59,15.6,50,62,12.1]';
Tdatasheet = table(datasheetvals,optimdesignvals,RowNames=datasheetparam)

Tdatasheet=5×2 table
                                datasheetvals    optimdesignvals
                                _____________    _______________

    Gain (dBi)                      10.5              10.59     
    F/B                               16               15.6     
    E-plane Beamwidth (deg.)          54                 50     
    H-plane Beamwidth (deg.)          63                 62     
    Impedance Bandwidth (%)           10               12.1     

Tabulating Initial and Optimized Design

Tabulate the initial design guesses and the final optimized design values.

yagiparam=  {'Reflector Length';
             'Director Length - 1'; 'Director Length - 2';
             'Director Length - 3'; 'Director Length - 4';
             'Reflector Spacing'; 'Director Spacing - 1';
             'Director Spacing - 2'; 'Director Spacing - 3';
             'Director Spacing - 4'; 'Exciter Length';
             'Exciter Spacing'};         
initialdesign = initialdesign';
optimdesign = optimdesign';
Tgeometry = table(initialdesign,optimdesign,RowNames=yagiparam)

Tgeometry=12×2 table
                            initialdesign    optimdesign
                            _____________    ___________

    Reflector Length           0.90846         0.90846  
    Director Length - 1        0.90846         0.72096  
    Director Length - 2        0.90846         0.65846  
    Director Length - 3        0.90846         0.72096  
    Director Length - 4        0.90846         0.65846  
    Reflector Spacing          0.54508         0.42008  
    Director Spacing - 1       0.45423         0.36338  
    Director Spacing - 2       0.45423         0.23838  
    Director Spacing - 3       0.45423         0.51673  
    Director Spacing - 4       0.45423         0.53236  
    Exciter Length             0.90846         0.84596  
    Exciter Spacing           0.015141        0.016118  

Reference

[1] Balanis, Constantine A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. Fourth edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2016.

[2] Online at: S.6Y-165