Implement Hardware-Efficient Complex Partial-Systolic Matrix Solve Using Q-less QR Decomposition

This example shows how to implement a hardware-efficient solution to the complex-valued matrix equation A'AX=B using the Complex Partial-Systolic Matrix Solve Using Q-less QR Decomposition block.

Forward and Backward Substitution

When an upper triangular factor is ready, then forward and backward substitution are computed with the current input B to produce output X.

Define Matrix Dimensions

Specify the number of rows in matrix A, the number of columns in matrix A and rows in B, and the number of columns in matrix B.

m = 30; % Number of rows in A
n = 10;  % Number of columns in A and rows in B
p = 1;   % Number of columns in B
numInputs = 3; % Number of A and B matricies

Generate Matrices

For this example, use the helper function complexRandomQlessQRMatrices to generate random matrices A and B for the problem A'AX=B. The matrices are generated such that the real and imaginary parts of the elements of A and B are between -1 and +1, and A is full rank.

rng('default')
[A,B] = fixed.example.complexRandomQlessQRMatrices(m,n,p);
if numInputs > 1
    for i = 2:numInputs
        [Atemp,Btemp] = fixed.example.complexRandomQlessQRMatrices(m,n,p);
        A = cat(3,A,Atemp);
        B = cat(3,B,Btemp);
    end
end

Select Fixed-Point Data Types

Use the helper function complexQlessQRMatrixSolveFixedpointTypes to select fixed-point data types for input matrices A and B, and output X such that there is a low probability of overflow during the computation.

The real and imaginary parts of the elements of A and B are between -1 and 1, so the maximum possible absolute value of any element is sqrt(2).

max_abs_A = sqrt(2);  % Upper bound on max(abs(A(:))
max_abs_B = sqrt(2);  % Upper bound on max(abs(B(:))
precisionBits = 24;   % Number of bits of precision
T = fixed.complexQlessQRMatrixSolveFixedpointTypes(m,n,max_abs_A,max_abs_B,precisionBits);
A = cast(A,'like',T.A);
B = cast(B,'like',T.B);
OutputType = fixed.extractNumericType(T.X);

Open the Model

model = 'ComplexPartialSystolicQlessQRMatrixSolveModel';
open_system(model);

AMBA AXI Handshaking Process

The Data Handler subsystem in this model takes complex matrices A and B as inputs. It sends rows of A and full matrix of B to the QR Decomposition block using the AMBA AXI handshake protocol. The validIn signal indicates when data is available. The ready signal indicates that the block can accept the data. Transfer of data occurs only when both the validIn and ready signals are high. You can set delays for the feeding in rows of A and the feeding in of B matrices in the Data Handler to emulate the processing time of the upstream block. validInA and validInB remain high when aDelay and bDelay are set to 0 because this indicates the Data Handler always has data available. When all matrices A and B are sent, the Data Handler loops back to the first A and B matrices.

Asynchronous Matrix Solver

This block operates asynchronously. First, Q-less QR decomposition is performed on the input A matrix and the resulting R matrix is put into a buffer. Then, the Forward Backward Substitute block uses the input B matrix and the buffered R matrix to compute R'RX = B. Because the R and B matrices are stored separately in buffers, the upstream Q-less QR decomposition block and the downstream Forward Backward Substitute block can run independently. The Forward Backward Substitute block starts processing when the first R and B matrices are available. Then it runs continuously using the latest buffered R and B matrices, regardless of the status of the Q-less QR Decomposition block. For example, if the upstream block stops providing A and B matrices, the Forward Backward Substitute block continues to generate the same output using the last pair of R and B matrices.

The Data Handler sends A and B matrices to the QR decomposition block iteratively. After sending out the last A matrix, the Data Handler resets its internal counter and sends out first A matrix. The B matrix is handled in a similar fashion.

Set Variables in the Model Workspace

Use the helper function setModelWorkspace to add the variables defined above to the model workspace. These variables correspond to the block parameters for the Complex Partial-Systolic Matrix Solve Using Q-less QR Decomposition block.

numOutputs = 1; % Number of recorded outputs
aDelay = 1; % Delay of clock cycles between feeding in rows of A
bDelay = 1; % Delay of clock cycles between feeding in B matrices
fixed.example.setModelWorkspace(model,'A',A,'B',B,'m',m,'n',n,'p',p,...
    'regularizationParameter',0,...
    'aDelay',aDelay,'bDelay',bDelay,...
    'numOutputs',numOutputs,'OutputType',OutputType);

Simulate the Model

out = sim(model);

Construct the Solution from the Output Data

The Complex Partial-Systolic Matrix Solve Using Q-less QR Decomposition block outputs matrix X at each time step. When a valid result matrix is output, the block sets validOut to true.

X = out.X;

Verify the Accuracy of the Output

To evaluate the accuracy of the Complex Partial-Systolic Matrix Solve Using Q-less QR Decomposition block, compute the relative error. Choose the last output of the simulation.

X = double(X(:,:,end));

Synchronize the last output X with the input by finding the inputs A and B that produced it.

A = double(A);
B = double(B);
relative_errors = zeros(size(A,3),size(B,3));
for k = 1:size(A,3)
    for g = 1:size(B,3)
        relative_errors(k,g) = norm(A(:,:,k)'*A(:,:,k)*X - B(:,:,g))/norm(B(:,:,g));
    end
end
[AUsed,Bused] = find(relative_errors==min(relative_errors,[],'all')) %#ok<NOPTS>

relative_error = norm(double(A(:,:,AUsed)'*A(:,:,AUsed)*X - B(:,:,Bused)))/norm(double(B(:,:,Bused))) %#ok<NOPTS>

AUsed =

     1


Bused =

     2


relative_error =

   8.1527e-05