Spatially Reference Imported Rasters

To associate the elements of a raster with geospatial locations, the raster must be accompanied by spatial referencing information such as the geographic or world limits, the distance between recorded samples, and the extent of individual cells. When a supported raster data file contains spatial referencing information, you can use the readgeoraster function to import the data as an array and the referencing information as a raster reference object. If the data file does not contain referencing information, then you can import the data as an array and create a reference object using the georefcells, georefpostings, maprefcells, or maprefpostings function. The creation function you use depends on characteristics of the raster data.

• georefcells — The raster is a grid of quadrangular cells referenced to geographic latitude and longitude coordinates.

• georefpostings — The raster is a grid of posting point samples referenced to geographic coordinates.

• maprefcells — The raster is a grid of rectangular cells referenced to projected world x- and y-coordinates.

• maprefpostings — The raster is a grid of posting point samples referenced to projected coordinates.

Differentiate Between Cells and Postings

This image shows differences between a projected raster of cells and a projected raster of posting points. Both rasters have elements that are spaced 1 meter apart, with the raster covering x-values in the range [40,50] in meters and y-values in the range [20,28] in meters. The raster of cells is 8-by-10 and the raster of postings is 9-by-11. The boundary of the raster of cells is made up of the outermost boundaries of the outermost cells and the boundary of the raster of postings is made up of sampling points along the edges of the raster.

If you do not know whether your raster is a grid of cells or a grid of posting points, you can try the following:

• Ask your data provider.

• Search the metadata for information about the spatial registration or interpretation of the data. Metadata for rasters of cells can contain phrases such as "pixels" or "pixel is area." Metadata for rasters of posting points can contain phrases such as "grid", "node", or "pixel is point."

• Consider what the data represents. Images are typically made of cells, while elevation grids are typically made of posting points.

• Consider the size of the raster. If the dimensions of the raster are round numbers, such as a raster of size [1000 1000], then the raster is probably made of cells. If the dimensions of the raster are round numbers plus one, such as a raster of size [1001 1001], then the raster is probably made of posting points.

Spatially Reference an Image

This example shows how to import an image, spatially reference the image by creating a reference object, then display the image on a map.

Import an image as an array by using the imread function. The array is of size 500-by-500-by-3 and specifies the red, green, and blue components of the image.

A = imread('boston_common.jpg');

To spatially reference the image, you must determine the following:

• Whether the image is referenced to geographic or projected coordinates

• Whether the image is made up of cells or posting points

Information included in the file boston_common.txt indicates that the image is referenced to projected coordinates and is made up of cells. Therefore, you can create a reference object by using the maprefcells function. Specify the x- and y-limits, also included in the file boston_common.txt, using world coordinates.

xlimits = [235150 236150];
ylimits = [900100 901100];
R = maprefcells(xlimits,ylimits,size(A));

Define the first row of A as the northernmost edge of the image by setting the ColumnsStartFrom property of the reference object to 'north'. Otherwise, the ColumnsStartFrom property defaults to 'south'.

R.ColumnsStartFrom = 'north'; 

Display the spatially referenced image on a map by using the mapshow function.

mapshow(A,R)

The data used in this example is derived from data provided by MassGIS (Bureau of Geographic Information). See the file boston_common.txt for more details.

Spatially Reference an Elevation Grid

This example shows how to import elevation data, spatially reference the data by creating a reference object, then display the data on an axesm-based map.

Load elevation data as an array.

load elevation_n39_w106.mat

To spatially reference the data, you must determine the following:

• Whether the data is referenced to geographic or projected coordinates

• Whether the data is made of cells or posting points

Information in the file elevation_n39_w106.txt indicates that the data set is referenced to geographic coordinates and is made up of posting points. Therefore, you can create a reference object for the data by using the georefpostings function. Specify the latitude and longitude limits, also included in the file boston_common.txt, using degrees.

latlim = [39 40];
lonlim = [-106 -105];
R = georefpostings(latlim,lonlim,size(elevation_n39_w106));

Create an axesm-based map by specifying the latitude and longitude limits of the data. Then, display the data as a surface by using the geoshow function. Apply a colormap appropriate for elevation data by using the demcmap function.

usamap(R.LatitudeLimits,R.LongitudeLimits)
geoshow(elevation_n39_w106,R,'DisplayType','surface')
demcmap(elevation_n39_w106)

The data set used in this example is derived from data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. See the file elevation_n39_w106.txt for more details.