Date and Time Arithmetic

This example shows how to add and subtract date and time values to calculate future and past dates and elapsed durations in exact units or calendar units. You can add, subtract, multiply, and divide date and time arrays in the same way that you use these operators with other MATLAB® data types. However, there is some behavior that is specific to dates and time.

Add and Subtract Durations to Datetime Array

Create a datetime scalar. By default, datetime arrays are not associated with a time zone.

t1 = datetime('now')

t1 = datetime
   05-Sep-2024 15:33:45

Find future points in time by adding a sequence of hours.

t2 = t1 + hours(1:3)

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   05-Sep-2024 16:33:45   05-Sep-2024 17:33:45   05-Sep-2024 18:33:45

Verify that the difference between each pair of datetime values in t2 is 1 hour.

dt = diff(t2)

dt = 1x2 duration
   01:00:00   01:00:00

diff returns durations in terms of exact numbers of hours, minutes, and seconds.

Subtract a sequence of minutes from a datetime to find past points in time.

t2 = t1 - minutes(20:10:40)

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   05-Sep-2024 15:13:45   05-Sep-2024 15:03:45   05-Sep-2024 14:53:45

Add a numeric array to a datetime array. MATLAB treats each value in the numeric array as a number of exact, 24-hour days.

t2 = t1 + [1:3]

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   06-Sep-2024 15:33:45   07-Sep-2024 15:33:45   08-Sep-2024 15:33:45

Add to Datetime with Time Zone

If you work with datetime values in different time zones, or if you want to account for daylight saving time changes, work with datetime arrays that are associated with time zones. Create a datetime scalar representing March 8, 2014, in New York.

t1 = datetime(2014,3,8,0,0,0,'TimeZone','America/New_York')

t1 = datetime
   08-Mar-2014

Find future points in time by adding a sequence of fixed-length (24-hour) days.

t2 = t1 + days(0:2)

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   08-Mar-2014 00:00:00   09-Mar-2014 00:00:00   10-Mar-2014 01:00:00

Because a daylight saving time shift occurred on March 9, 2014, the third datetime in t2 does not occur at midnight.

Verify that the difference between each pair of datetime values in t2 is 24 hours.

dt = diff(t2)

dt = 1x2 duration
   24:00:00   24:00:00

You can add fixed-length durations in other units such as years, hours, minutes, and seconds by adding the outputs of the years, hours, minutes, and seconds functions, respectively.

To account for daylight saving time changes, you should work with calendar durations instead of durations. Calendar durations account for daylight saving time shifts when they are added to or subtracted from datetime values.

Add a number of calendar days to t1.

t3 = t1 + caldays(0:2)

t3 = 1x3 datetime
   08-Mar-2014   09-Mar-2014   10-Mar-2014

View that the difference between each pair of datetime values in t3 is not always 24 hours due to the daylight saving time shift that occurred on March 9.

dt = diff(t3)

dt = 1x2 duration
   24:00:00   23:00:00

Add Calendar Durations to Datetime Array

Add a number of calendar months to January 31, 2014.

t1 = datetime(2014,1,31)

t1 = datetime
   31-Jan-2014

t2 = t1 + calmonths(1:4)

t2 = 1x4 datetime
   28-Feb-2014   31-Mar-2014   30-Apr-2014   31-May-2014

Each datetime in t2 occurs on the last day of each month.

Calculate the difference between each pair of datetime values in t2 in terms of a number of calendar days using the caldiff function.

dt = caldiff(t2,'days')

dt = 1x3 calendarDuration
   31d   30d   31d

The number of days between successive pairs of datetime values in dt is not always the same because different months consist of a different number of days.

Add a number of calendar years to January 31, 2014.

t2 = t1 + calyears(0:4)

t2 = 1x5 datetime
   31-Jan-2014   31-Jan-2015   31-Jan-2016   31-Jan-2017   31-Jan-2018

Calculate the difference between each pair of datetime values in t2 in terms of a number of calendar days using the caldiff function.

dt = caldiff(t2,'days')

dt = 1x4 calendarDuration
   365d   365d   366d   365d

The number of days between successive pairs of datetime values in dt is not always the same because 2016 is a leap year and has 366 days.

You can use the calquarters, calweeks, and caldays functions to create arrays of calendar quarters, calendar weeks, or calendar days that you add to or subtract from datetime arrays.

Adding calendar durations is not commutative. When you add more than one calendarDuration array to a datetime, MATLAB adds them in the order in which they appear in the command.

Add 3 calendar months followed by 30 calendar days to January 31, 2014.

t2 = datetime(2014,1,31) + calmonths(3) + caldays(30)

t2 = datetime
   30-May-2014

First add 30 calendar days to the same date, and then add 3 calendar months. The result is not the same because when you add a calendar duration to a datetime, the number of days added depends on the original date.

t2 = datetime(2014,1,31) + caldays(30) + calmonths(3)

t2 = datetime
   02-Jun-2014

Calendar Duration Arithmetic

Create two calendar durations and then find their sum.

d1 = calyears(1) + calmonths(2) + caldays(20)

d1 = calendarDuration
   1y 2mo 20d

d2 = calmonths(11) + caldays(23)

d2 = calendarDuration
   11mo 23d

d = d1 + d2

d = calendarDuration
   2y 1mo 43d

When you sum two or more calendar durations, a number of months greater than 12 roll over to a number of years. However, a large number of days does not roll over to a number of months, because different months consist of different numbers of days.

Increase d by multiplying it by a factor of 2. Calendar duration values must be integers, so you can multiply them only by integer values.

2*d

ans = calendarDuration
   4y 2mo 86d

Calculate Elapsed Time in Exact Units

Subtract one datetime array from another to calculate elapsed time in terms of an exact number of hours, minutes, and seconds.

Find the exact length of time between a sequence of datetime values and the start of the previous day.

t2 = datetime('now') + caldays(1:3)

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   06-Sep-2024 15:33:46   07-Sep-2024 15:33:46   08-Sep-2024 15:33:46

t1 = datetime('yesterday')

t1 = datetime
   04-Sep-2024

dt = t2 - t1

dt = 1x3 duration
    63:33:46    87:33:46   111:33:46

whos dt

  Name      Size            Bytes  Class       Attributes

  dt        1x3                40  duration              

dt contains durations in the format, hours:minutes:seconds.

View the elapsed durations in units of days by changing the Format property of dt.

dt.Format = 'd'

dt = 1x3 duration
   2.6485 days   3.6485 days   4.6485 days

Scale the duration values by multiplying dt by a factor of 1.2. Because durations have an exact length, you can multiply and divide them by fractional values.

dt2 = 1.2*dt

dt2 = 1x3 duration
   3.1781 days   4.3781 days   5.5781 days

Calculate Elapsed Time in Calendar Units

Use the between function to find the number of calendar years, months, and days elapsed between two dates.

t1 = datetime('today')

t1 = datetime
   05-Sep-2024

t2 = t1 + calmonths(0:2) + caldays(4)

t2 = 1x3 datetime
   09-Sep-2024   09-Oct-2024   09-Nov-2024

dt = between(t1,t2)

dt = 1x3 calendarDuration
       4d   1mo 4d   2mo 4d