occupancyMap

Create 2-D occupancy map

Description

occupancyMap creates a 2-D occupancy grid map object. Each cell in the occupancy grid has a value representing the probability of the occupancy of that cell. Values close to 1 represent a high probability that the cell contains an obstacle. Values close to 0 represent a high probability that the cell is not occupied and obstacle free.

Occupancy maps are used in navigation algorithms such as path planning (see plannerRRT). They are also used in mapping applications for finding collision-free paths, performing collision avoidance, and calculating localization (see monteCarloLocalization). You can modify your occupancy map to fit your specific application.

The occupancyMap objects support local coordinates, world coordinates, and grid indices. The first grid location with index (1,1) begins in the top-left corner of the grid.

Use the occupancyMap class to create 2-D maps of an environment with probability values representing different obstacles in your world. You can specify exact probability values of cells or include observations from sensors such as laser scanners.

Probability values are stored using a binary Bayes filter to estimate the occupancy of each grid cell. A log-odds representation is used, with values stored as int16 to reduce the map storage size and allow for real-time applications.

Creation

Syntax

map = occupancyMap(width,height)

map = occupancyMap(width,height,resolution)

map = occupancyMap(rows,cols,resolution,'grid')

map = occupancyMap(p)

map = occupancyMap(p,resolution)

map = occupancyMap(sourcemap)

map = occupancyMap(sourcemap,resolution)

Description

map = occupancyMap(width,height) creates a 2-D occupancy map object representing a world space of width and height in meters. The default grid resolution is 1 cell per meter.

map = occupancyMap(width,height,resolution) creates an occupancy map with a specified grid resolution in cells per meter. resolution sets the Resolution property.

map = occupancyMap(rows,cols,resolution,'grid') creates an occupancy map with the specified number of rows and columns and with the resolution in cells per meter. The values of rows and cols sets the GridSize property.

map = occupancyMap(p) creates an occupancy map from the values in matrix p. The grid size matches the size of the matrix, with each cell probability value interpreted from the matrix location.

map = occupancyMap(p,resolution) creates an occupancy map from the specified matrix and resolution in cells per meter.

map = occupancyMap(sourcemap) creates an object using values from another occupancyMap object.

map = occupancyMap(sourcemap,resolution) creates an object using values from another occupancyMap object, but resamples the matrix to have the specified resolution.

Input Arguments

width — Map width

scalar

Map width, specified as a scalar in meters.

height — Map height

scalar

Map height, specified as a scalar in meters.

resolution — Grid resolution

1 (default) | scalar

Grid resolution, specified as a scalar in cells per meter.

rows — Number of rows in grid

positive scalar integer

Number of rows in grid, specified as a positive scalar integer.

cols — Number of columns in grid

positive scalar integer

Number of columns in grid, specified as a positive scalar integer.

p — Input occupancy grid

matrix of probability values from 0 to 1

Input occupancy grid, specified as a matrix of probability values from 0 to 1. The size of the grid matches the size of the matrix. Each matrix element corresponds to the probability of the grid cell location being occupied. Values close to 1 represent a high certainty that the cell contains an obstacle. Values close to 0 represent certainty that the cell is not occupied and obstacle free.

sourcemap — Occupancy map object

occupancyMap object

Occupancy map object, specified as a occupancyMap object.

Properties

FreeThreshold — Threshold below which cells are considered obstacle-free

scalar between 0 and 1

Threshold below which cells are considered obstacle-free, specified as a scalar between 0 and 1 inclusive. Cells with probability values below this threshold are considered obstacle free. This property also defines the free locations for path planning when using objects like plannerRRT.

Data Types: double

OccupiedThreshold — Threshold above which cells are considered occupied

scalar

Threshold above which cells are considered occupied, specified as a scalar. Cells with probability values above this threshold are considered occupied.

Data Types: double

ProbabilitySaturation — Saturation limits for probability

[0.001 0.999] (default) | two-element real-valued vector

Saturation limits for probability, specified as a 1-by-2 real-valued vector of the form [min max]. The probability values below min value will be saturated to min and the probability values above max value will be saturated to max. This property reduces oversaturating of cells when incorporating multiple observations.

Data Types: double

GridSize — Number of rows and columns in grid

Read-only: two-element integer-valued vector

This property is read-only.

Number of rows and columns in grid, stored as a 1-by-2 real-valued vector representing the number of rows and columns, in that order.

Data Types: double

Resolution — Grid resolution

Read-only: 1 (default) | scalar

This property is read-only.

Grid resolution, stored as a scalar in cells per meter representing the number and size of grid locations.

Data Types: double

XLocalLimits — Minimum and maximum values of x-coordinates in local frame

Read-only: two-element vector

This property is read-only.

Minimum and maximum values of x-coordinates in local frame, stored as a two-element horizontal vector of the form [min max]. Local frame is defined by LocalOriginInWorld property.

Data Types: double

YLocalLimits — Minimum and maximum values of y-coordinates in local frame

Read-only: two-element vector

This property is read-only.

Minimum and maximum values of y-coordinates in local frame, stored as a two-element horizontal vector of the form [min max]. Local frame is defined by LocalOriginInWorld property.

Data Types: double

XWorldLimits — Minimum and maximum world range values of x-coordinates

Read-only: two-element vector

This property is read-only.

Minimum and maximum world range values of x-coordinates, stored as a 1-by-2 vector representing the minimum and maximum values, in that order.

Data Types: double

YWorldLimits — Minimum and maximum world range values of y-coordinates

Read-only: two-element vector

This property is read-only.

Minimum and maximum world range values of y-coordinates, stored as a 1-by-2 vector representing the minimum and maximum values, in that order.

Data Types: double

GridLocationInWorld — [x y] world coordinates of grid

[0 0] (default) | two-element vector

[x,y] world coordinates of the bottom-left corner of the grid, specified as a 1-by-2 vector.

Data Types: double

LocalOriginInWorld — Location of the local frame in world coordinates

[0 0] (default) | two-element vector | [xWorld yWorld]

Location of the origin of the local frame in world coordinates, specified as a two-element vector, [xLocal yLocal]. Use the move function to shift the local frame as your vehicle moves.

Data Types: double

GridOriginInLocal — Location of the grid in local coordinates

[0 0] (default) | two-element vector | [xLocal yLocal]

Location of the bottom-left corner of the grid in local coordinates, specified as a two-element vector, [xLocal yLocal].

Data Types: double

DefaultValue — Default value for unspecified map locations

0.5 (default) | scalar between 0 and 1

Default value for unspecified map locations including areas outside the map, specified as a scalar between 0 and 1 inclusive.

Data Types: double

Object Functions

checkOccupancy	Check if locations are free or occupied
copy	Create copy of 2-D occupancy map
getOccupancy	Get occupancy probability of locations
grid2local	Convert grid indices to local coordinates
grid2world	Convert grid indices to world coordinates
inflate	Inflate each occupied location
insertRay	Insert ray from laser scan observation
local2grid	Convert local coordinates to grid indices
local2world	Convert local coordinates to world coordinates
move	Move map in world frame
occupancyMatrix	Convert occupancy map to matrix
raycast	Compute cell indices along a ray
rayIntersection	Find intersection points of rays and occupied map cells
setOccupancy	Set occupancy probability of locations
show	Display 2-D occupancy map
syncWith	Sync map with overlapping map
updateOccupancy	Update occupancy probability at locations
world2grid	Convert world coordinates to grid indices
world2local	Convert world coordinates to local coordinates

Examples

Insert Laser Scans into Occupancy Map

Create an empty occupancy grid map.

map = occupancyMap(10,10,20);

Specify the pose of the vehicle, ranges, angles, and the maximum range of the laser scan.

pose = [5,5,0];
ranges = 3*ones(100,1);
angles = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2,100);
maxrange = 20;

Create a lidarScan object with the specified ranges and angles.

scan = lidarScan(ranges,angles);

Insert the laser scan data into the occupancy map.

insertRay(map,pose,scan,maxrange);

Show the map to see the results of inserting the laser scan.

show(map)

Check the occupancy of the spot directly in front of the vehicle.

getOccupancy(map,[8 5])

ans = 
0.7000

Add a second reading and view the update to the occupancy values. The additional reading increases the confidence in the readings. The free and occupied values become more distinct.

insertRay(map,pose,scan,maxrange);
show(map)

getOccupancy(map,[8 5])

ans = 
0.8448

Convert PGM Image to Map

Convert a portable graymap (PGM) file containing a ROS map into an occupancyMap for use in MATLAB®.

Import the image using imread. Crop the image to the playpen area.

image = imread('playpen_map.pgm');
imageCropped = image(750:1250,750:1250);
imshow(imageCropped)

PGM values are expressed from 0 to 255 as uint8. Normalize these values by converting the cropped image to double and dividing each cell by 255. This image shows obstacles as values close to 0. Subtract the normalized image from 1 to get occupancy values with 1 representing occupied space.

imageNorm = double(imageCropped)/255;
imageOccupancy = 1 - imageNorm;

Create the occupancyMap object using an adjusted map image. The imported map resolution is 20 cells per meter.

map = occupancyMap(imageOccupancy,20);
show(map)

Limitations

Occupancy values have a limited resolution of ±0.001. The values are stored as int16 using a log-odds representation. This data type limits resolution, but saves memory when storing large maps in MATLAB^®. When calling setOccupancy and then getOccupancy, the value returned might not equal the value you set. For more information, see the log-odds representations section in Occupancy Grids.

If memory size is a limitation, consider using binaryOccupancyMap instead. The binary occupancy map uses less memory with binary values, but still works with Navigation Toolbox™ algorithms and other applications.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

As of MATLAB R2022a, default map behavior during code generation has changed, which may result in backward compatibility issues. Maps such as occupancyMap now support fixed-size code generation (DynamicMemoryAllocation="off").

1. Maps that are either default-constructed or constructed with compile-time constant size information (or matrices that are of compile-time constant size) produce fixed-size maps.

2. To restore the previous behavior, use the coder.ignoreConst (MATLAB Coder) function when specifying size inputs, or coder.varsize (MATLAB Coder) matrix variable name specified as a string scalar or character vector, prior to constructing the map.

Version History

Introduced in R2019b