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Marker-Controlled Watershed Segmentation

This example shows how to use watershed segmentation to separate touching objects in an image. The watershed transform finds "catchment basins" and "watershed ridge lines" in an image by treating it as a surface where light pixels are high and dark pixels are low.

Segmentation using the watershed transform works better if you can identify, or "mark," foreground objects and background locations. Marker-controlled watershed segmentation follows this basic procedure:

  1. Compute a segmentation function. This is an image whose dark regions are the objects you are trying to segment.

  2. Compute foreground markers. These are connected blobs of pixels within each of the objects.

  3. Compute background markers. These are pixels that are not part of any object.

  4. Modify the segmentation function so that it only has minima at the foreground and background marker locations.

  5. Compute the watershed transform of the modified segmentation function.

Step 1: Read in the Color Image and Convert it to Grayscale

rgb = imread("pears.png");
I = im2gray(rgb);
imshow(I)

text(732,501,"Image courtesy of Corel(R)",...
     "FontSize",7,"HorizontalAlignment","right")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object contains 2 objects of type image, text.

Step 2: Use the Gradient Magnitude as the Segmentation Function

Compute the gradient magnitude. The gradient is high at the borders of the objects and low (mostly) inside the objects.

gmag = imgradient(I);
imshow(gmag,[])
title("Gradient Magnitude")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Gradient Magnitude contains an object of type image.

Can you segment the image by using the watershed transform directly on the gradient magnitude?

L = watershed(gmag);
Lrgb = label2rgb(L);
imshow(Lrgb)
title("Watershed Transform of Gradient Magnitude")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Watershed Transform of Gradient Magnitude contains an object of type image.

No. Without additional preprocessing such as the marker computations below, using the watershed transform directly often results in "oversegmentation."

Step 3: Mark the Foreground Objects

A variety of procedures could be applied here to find the foreground markers, which must be connected blobs of pixels inside each of the foreground objects. In this example, you use morphological techniques called "opening-by-reconstruction" and "closing-by-reconstruction" to "clean" up the image. These operations will create flat maxima inside each object that can be located using imregionalmax.

Opening is an erosion followed by a dilation, while opening-by-reconstruction is an erosion followed by a morphological reconstruction. Let's compare the two. First, compute the opening using imopen.

se = strel("disk",20);
Io = imopen(I,se);
imshow(Io)
title("Opening")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Opening contains an object of type image.

Next compute the opening-by-reconstruction using imerode and imreconstruct.

Ie = imerode(I,se);
Iobr = imreconstruct(Ie,I);
imshow(Iobr)
title("Opening-by-Reconstruction")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Opening-by-Reconstruction contains an object of type image.

Following the opening with a closing can remove the dark spots and stem marks. Compare a regular morphological closing with a closing-by-reconstruction. First try imclose:

Ioc = imclose(Io,se);
imshow(Ioc)
title("Opening-Closing")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Opening-Closing contains an object of type image.

Now use imdilate followed by imreconstruct. Notice you must complement the image inputs and output of imreconstruct.

Iobrd = imdilate(Iobr,se);
Iobrcbr = imreconstruct(imcomplement(Iobrd),imcomplement(Iobr));
Iobrcbr = imcomplement(Iobrcbr);
imshow(Iobrcbr)
title("Opening-Closing by Reconstruction")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Opening-Closing by Reconstruction contains an object of type image.

As you can see by comparing Iobrcbr with Ioc, reconstruction-based opening and closing are more effective than standard opening and closing at removing small blemishes without affecting the overall shapes of the objects. Calculate the regional maxima of Iobrcbr to obtain good foreground markers.

fgm = imregionalmax(Iobrcbr);
imshow(fgm)
title("Regional Maxima of Opening-Closing by Reconstruction")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Regional Maxima of Opening-Closing by Reconstruction contains an object of type image.

To help interpret the result, superimpose the foreground marker image on the original image.

I2 = labeloverlay(I,fgm);
imshow(I2)
title("Regional Maxima Superimposed on Original Image")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Regional Maxima Superimposed on Original Image contains an object of type image.

Notice that some of the mostly-occluded and shadowed objects are not marked, which means that these objects will not be segmented properly in the end result. Also, the foreground markers in some objects go right up to the objects' edge. That means you should clean the edges of the marker blobs and then shrink them a bit. You can do this by a closing followed by an erosion.

se2 = strel(ones(5,5));
fgm2 = imclose(fgm,se2);
fgm3 = imerode(fgm2,se2);

This procedure tends to leave some stray isolated pixels that must be removed. You can do this using bwareaopen, which removes all blobs that have fewer than a certain number of pixels.

fgm4 = bwareaopen(fgm3,20);
I3 = labeloverlay(I,fgm4);
imshow(I3)
title("Modified Regional Maxima Superimposed on Original Image")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Modified Regional Maxima Superimposed on Original Image contains an object of type image.

Step 4: Compute Background Markers

Now you need to mark the background. In the cleaned-up image, Iobrcbr, the dark pixels belong to the background, so you could start with a thresholding operation.

bw = imbinarize(Iobrcbr);
imshow(bw)
title("Thresholded Opening-Closing by Reconstruction")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Thresholded Opening-Closing by Reconstruction contains an object of type image.

The background pixels are in black, but ideally we don't want the background markers to be too close to the edges of the objects we are trying to segment. We'll "thin" the background by computing the "skeleton by influence zones", or SKIZ, of the foreground of bw. This can be done by computing the watershed transform of the distance transform of bw, and then looking for the watershed ridge lines (DL == 0) of the result.

D = bwdist(bw);
DL = watershed(D);
bgm = DL == 0;
imshow(bgm)
title("Watershed Ridge Lines")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Watershed Ridge Lines contains an object of type image.

Step 5: Compute the Watershed Transform of the Segmentation Function

The function imimposemin can be used to modify an image so that it has regional minima only in certain desired locations. Here you can use imimposemin to modify the gradient magnitude image so that its only regional minima occur at foreground and background marker pixels.

gmag2 = imimposemin(gmag, bgm | fgm4);

Finally, compute the watershed-based segmentation.

L = watershed(gmag2);

Step 6: Visualize the Result

One visualization technique is to superimpose the foreground markers, background markers, and segmented object boundaries on the original image. You can use dilation as needed to make certain aspects, such as the object boundaries, more visible. Object boundaries are located where L == 0. The binary foreground and background markers are scaled to different integer values so that they are assigned different labels.

labels = imdilate(L==0,ones(3,3)) + 2*bgm + 3*fgm4;
I4 = labeloverlay(I,labels);
imshow(I4)
title("Markers and Object Boundaries Superimposed on Original Image")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Markers and Object Boundaries Superimposed on Original Image contains an object of type image.

This visualization illustrates how the locations of the foreground and background markers affect the result. In a couple of locations, partially occluded darker objects were merged with their brighter neighbor objects because the occluded objects did not have foreground markers.

Another useful visualization technique is to display the label matrix as a color image. Label matrices, such as those produced by watershed and bwlabel, can be converted to truecolor images for visualization purposes by using label2rgb.

Lrgb = label2rgb(L,"jet","w","shuffle");
imshow(Lrgb)
title("Colored Watershed Label Matrix")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Colored Watershed Label Matrix contains an object of type image.

You can use transparency to superimpose this pseudo-color label matrix on top of the original intensity image.

figure
imshow(I)
hold on
himage = imshow(Lrgb);
himage.AlphaData = 0.3;
title("Colored Labels Superimposed Transparently on Original Image")

Figure contains an axes object. The hidden axes object with title Colored Labels Superimposed Transparently on Original Image contains 2 objects of type image.

See Also

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