No, that is not supported at this time.
You can look in
ls(p)
inspectorProxyViewMapCache_en_US.mat matlabPkey.p12 mldrivetripwireaccess.mlsettings Simulink.mlsettings symbolic_internal.mlsettings VisibleSettings.json
MATLABDesktop.xml matlab.prf parallel.mlsettings SLLibraryLinkageData thisMatlab.pem WorkerPreviousMATLABLayout.xml
matlab.mlsettings migratePref.txt shortcuts_2.xml sl_toolstrip_plugins thisMatlabSSL.jks
with matlab.prf being the most-used one of those.
However: the preferences include references to directories that are definitely not going to be in the same place on different operating systems, and which might not be in the same place on different computers with the same operating system that you have access to. For example, your username might be different, or the administrators might have chosen different installation locations.
The Add-Ons are downloaded and stored in your directories; there is no public mechanism to automatically download them again (however, when you upgrade MATLAB versions, MATLAB offers to re-install what you already had installed, so MATLAB must have a way to figure it out and download.)
In order to synchronize between platforms, MATLAB would have to divide the preferences internally into host-specific, OS-specific, and "all-systems". It isn't quite as simple as "does it contain a directory name": for example key mappings are not entirely interchangable between MacOS and Windows .