Mathworks support personnel have been helpful, and indicated this issue is being addressed in a future release (hopefully R2018a; I haven't tried it in the R2018a pre-release yet). In the upcoming release that doesn't hang Matlab, here's one caveat: commands following "-r" are executed during program initialization, and the results of the API call
matlab.addons.installedAddons
during initialization will (may?) be different from the results when it is called from the Matlab command line, once the initialization is complete.
The addon configuration is stored in a file called installedAddons.setting and this file controls what addons are loaded at startup. In Windows this is stored in the Appdata folder, so it should work with non-admin permissions.