Properties of Ray Tracing Materials

This topic lists properties of the materials supported by these ray tracing objects and functions: siteviewer, RayTracing, raytrace, sigstrength, coverage, sinr, link, and pathloss.

For all supported materials:

• The relative permeability is 1.

• Surface roughness is calculated using a Gaussian model.

• The reference density for specific gravity is 999.97 kg/m³.

Note that the constitutive electromagnetic properties are permittivity, permeability, and conductivity. Depending on the material, the software uses parameters and methods from different electromagnetic models, which can make assumptions about the constitutive properties or use alternate properties. For example:

• Some models specify the refractive index, which is related to permittivity and permeability.

• In the frequency domain, permittivity and permeability are typically complex-valued, while conductivity is assumed to be real-valued.

• Models often specify permittivity and permeability using values that are relative to the absolute values of vacuum.

• Models can use property values that vary depending on the material, the frequency, or the wavelength. In addition, models can use varying strategies to determine the real and imaginary parts of complex values.

• Models can specify permittivity or the refractive index using an effective value that includes the effect of conductivity.

Functions that accept ray tracing models as input use the fundamental electromagnetic constant values that are recommended by the 2022 Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA) adjustment of fundamental constants [29].

Note that the thermal property linear expansion can also be known as coefficient of linear thermal expansion.

Common Building Materials

This table lists the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties for supported common building materials.

Material	Electromagnetic Properties	Mechanical Properties	Thermal Properties
"acrylic" — Acrylic	Conductivity: 5 × 10–14 S/m Relative permittivity: Calculated using Havriliak-Negami model [54]	Damping ratio: 0.01 Poisson's ratio: 0.4 Specific gravity: 1.18 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 0.0002 m Young's modulus: 3 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.21 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 8.1 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 4200 J/(kg·K)
"brick" — Brick	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 0.0003 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 2000 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.2 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.0008 m Height standard deviation: 0.016 m Young's modulus: 1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 6 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 900 J/(kg·K)
"ceiling-board" — Ceiling board	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 10–6 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 800 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.26 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.00025 m Height standard deviation: 0.0005 m Young's modulus: 2 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.27 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.44 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1000 J/(kg·K)
"chipboard" — Chipboard	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 10–6 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Poisson's ratio: 0.2 Specific gravity: 0.7 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.0001 Height standard deviation: 0.0005 m Young's modulus: 3 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.62 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1400 J/(kg·K)
"concrete" — Concrete	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 0.001 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 2400 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.2 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.01 m Height standard deviation: 0.0001 m Young's modulus: 3 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 900 J/(kg·K)
"floorboard" — Floorboard	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 10–10 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 600 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.00015 m Height standard deviation: 0.0001 m Young's modulus: 1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 0.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2000 J/(kg·K)
"foam" — Foam	Dielectric constant: 1.03 Dielectric loss tangent: 0.0001 Static conductivity: 1 × 10–16 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.05 Density: 20 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.1 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 0.0002 m Young's modulus: 2 × 106 Pa	Conductivity: 0.04 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 7 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1200 J/(kg·K)
"FR4" — FR-4 (fiberglass)	Conductivity: 8 × 10–11 S/m Relative permittivity: Calculated using Djordjevic-Sarkar model [8]	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 1600 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.16 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 6 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 6 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 2.5 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 0.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 600 J/(kg·K)
"glass" — Glass	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 10–3 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.0001 Density: 2200 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.2 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 0.0002 m Young's modulus: 7 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 800 J/(kg·K)
"marble" — Marble	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 10–6 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 2700 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.0013 m Height standard deviation: 0.0005 m Young's modulus: 3 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 6 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 800 J/(kg·K)
"metal" — Metal	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 1 × 107 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 10000 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 1.5 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 100 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 400 J/(kg·K)
"plasterboard" — Plasterboard	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 4.621 × 10–5 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 800 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.26 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.00015 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–5 m Young's modulus: 2 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.27 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.44 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1000 J/(kg·K)
"plywood" — Plywood	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 0.33 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Specific gravity: 0.5 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.00015 Height standard deviation: 0.0001 m Young's modulus: 8 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 4 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1400 J/(kg·K)
"polystyrene" — Polystyrene	Conductivity: 1.42 × 10–5 S/m Relative permittivity: Calculated using Havriliak-Negami model [54]	Damping ratio: 0.01 Poisson's ratio: 0.33 Specific gravity: 1.04 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 3 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 0.1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 7.2 × 10–7 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1300 J/(kg·K)
"Teflon" — Teflon® (PTFE)	Conductivity: 8.457 × 10–5 S/m Relative permittivity: Calculated using Havriliak-Negami model [54]	Damping ratio: 0.01 Poisson's ratio: 0.46 Specific gravity: 2.2 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 0.0002 m Young's modulus: 5 × 108 Pa	Conductivity: 0.24 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0.00099 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1050 J/(kg·K)
"wood" — Wood	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using power-fit model [17] Static conductivity: 0.001 S/m	Damping ratio: 0.01 Density: 500 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.001 m Height standard deviation: 0.03 m Young's modulus: 1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 0.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2900 J/(kg·K)

Metals

This table lists the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties for supported metal materials.

Material	Electromagnetic Properties	Mechanical Properties	Thermal Properties
"aluminum" — Aluminum	Conductivity: 3.77 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 2700 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.345 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 6.7 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 237 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2.36 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 900 J/(kg·K)
"brass" — Brass	Conductivity: 1.7 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 8500 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.34 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 9.7 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 120 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 380 J/(kg·K)
"copper" — Copper	Conductivity: 5.98 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 8960 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.308 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 1.28 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 398 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.65 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 380 J/(kg·K)
"gold" — Gold	Conductivity: 4.35 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 19320 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.4498 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 7.8 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 315 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.42 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 129 J/(kg·K)
"Invar" — Invar	Conductivity: 1.2 × 106 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 8000 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 1.5 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 11 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 515 J/(kg·K)
"iron" — Iron	Conductivity: 1.03 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 7870 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.291 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 2.082 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 80.3 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.17 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 444 J/(kg·K)
"lead" — Lead	Conductivity: 4.8443 × 106 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 11340 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.44 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 2.61 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 35.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2.93 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 160 J/(kg·K)
"silver" — Silver	Conductivity: 6.15 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 10490 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.37 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 7.1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 427 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1.968 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 237 J/(kg·K)
"steel" — Steel	Conductivity: 5.8 × 106 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 8000 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 2 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 40 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 500 J/(kg·K)
"tungsten" — Tungsten	Conductivity: 1.7 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Poisson's ratio: 0.283 Specific gravity: 19.251 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 3.45 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 178 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 4.6 × 10–6 1/K Specific heat capacity: 133 J/(kg·K)
"zinc" — Zinc	Conductivity: 1.69 × 107 S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 7130 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.25 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 1.045 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 121 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 3.97 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 388 J/(kg·K)

Terrestrial Materials

This table lists the chemical, electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties for supported terrestrial materials.

Material	Chemical Properties	Electromagnetic Properties	Mechanical Properties	Thermal Properties
"air" — Air	Not applicable	Extinction coefficient: 0 Real refractive index: 1.0003 Static conductivity: 0 S/m	Damping ratio: 0 Density: 1.229 kg/m3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: Inf m Height standard deviation: 0 m	Conductivity: 0.025 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0.0034 1/K Specific heat capacity: 715 J/(kg·K)
"ice" — Ice	Not applicable	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 916 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.35 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 4 × 109 Pa	Conductivity: 2.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 5 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2100 J/(kg·K)
"loam" — Loam	Bulk density: 1578.1 kg/m3 Percent clay: 8.53 % m3/m3 Percent sand: 41.96% m3/m3 Volumetric water content: 0.5% kg/kg	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Specific gravity: 2.7 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.15 m Height standard deviation: 0.02 m Young's modulus: 1 × 107 Pa	Conductivity: 1 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 1 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 1500 J/(kg·K)
"seawater" — Seawater	Salinity: 35 g/kg	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Density: 1030 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.5 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.5 m Height standard deviation: 0.05 m	Conductivity: 0.6 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0.0003 1/K Specific heat capacity: 4000 J/(kg·K)
"snow" — Snow	Dry snow density: 300 kg/m3 Liquid water content: 0 m3/m3	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Density: 300 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.001 m Height standard deviation: 0.001 m Young's modulus: 1 × 107 Pa	Conductivity: 0.2 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 5 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2000 J/(kg·K)
"tree" — Tree	Gravimetric water content: 0.5 kg/kg	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Density: 800 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.01 m Height standard deviation: 0.001 m Young's modulus: 1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 0.31 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2600 J/(kg·K)
"vegetation" — Vegetation	Gravimetric water content: 0.5 kg/kg	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Density: 800 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 0.001 m Height standard deviation: 0.5 m Young's modulus: 1 × 1010 Pa	Conductivity: 0.31 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0 1/K Specific heat capacity: 2600 J/(kg·K)
"water" — Water	Salinity: 0 g/kg	Effective relative permittivity: Calculated using methods in [18] Conductivity: Calculated using methods in [18]	Damping ratio: 0.1 Density: 998 kg/m3 Poisson's ratio: 0.5 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m	Conductivity: 0.598 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 0.0002 1/K Specific heat capacity: 4170 J/(kg·K)

Theoretical Materials

This table lists the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties for supported theoretical materials.

Material	Electromagnetic Properties	Mechanical Properties	Thermal Properties
"PEC" — Perfect electrical conductor	Conductivity: Inf S/m Dielectric constant: 1	Damping ratio: 0.001 Density: 10000 kg/m3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: 1 × 10–5 m Height standard deviation: 1 × 10–6 m Young's modulus: 1.5 × 1011 Pa	Conductivity: 100 W/(m·K) Linear expansion: 2 × 10–5 1/K Specific heat capacity: 400 J/(kg·K)
"vacuum" — Vacuum (free space)	Conductivity: 0 S/m Relative permittivity: 1	Damping ratio: 0 Density: 0 kg/m3 Surface roughness: Correlation length: Inf m Height standard deviation: 0 m	Conductivity: 0 W/(m·K)

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