distance

Distances between current and predicted measurements of tracking filter

Since R2021a

Syntax

dist = distance(filter,zmeas)

dist = distance(filter,zmeas,measparams)

Description

dist = distance(filter,zmeas) computes the normalized distances between one or more current object measurements, zmeas, and the corresponding predicted measurements computed by the input filter. Use this function to assign measurements to tracks.

This distance computation takes into account the covariance of the predicted state and the measurement noise.

dist = distance(filter,zmeas,measparams) specifies additional parameters that are used by the MeasurementFcn of the filter.

If filter is a trackingKF or trackingABF object, then you cannot use this syntax.

Input Arguments

filter — Filter for object tracking

trackingKF object | trackingEKF object | trackingUKF object

Filter for object tracking, specified as one of these objects:

• trackingKF — Linear Kalman filter

• trackingEKF — Extended Kalman filter

• trackingUKF — Unscented Kalman filter

• trackingABF — Alpha-beta filter

zmeas — Measurements of tracked objects

matrix

Measurements of tracked objects, specified as a matrix. Each row of the matrix contains a measurement vector.

measparams — Parameters for measurement function

cell array

Parameters for measurement function, specified as a cell array. The parameters are passed to the measurement function that is defined in the MeasurementFcn property of the filter. If filter is a trackingKF or trackingABF object, then you cannot specify measparams.

Suppose you set the MeasurementFcn property of filter to @cameas, and then set these values:

measurementParams = {frame,sensorpos,sensorpos}

The distance function internally calls the following:

cameas(state,frame,sensorpos,sensorvel)

Output Arguments

dist — Distances between measurements

row vector

Distances between measurements, returned as a row vector. Each element corresponds to a distance between the predicted measurement in the input filter and a measurement contained in a row of zmeas.

Algorithms

The distance function computes the normalized distance between the filter object and a set of measurements. This distance computation is a variant of the Mahalanobis distance and takes into account the residual (the difference between the object measurement and the value predicted by the filter), the residual covariance, and the measurement noise.

Consider an extended Kalman filter with state x and measurement z. The equations used to compute the residual, z_res, and the residual covariance, S, are

z_res = z – h(x),

S = R + HPH^T,

where:

• h is the measurement function defined in the MeasurementFcn property of the filter.

• R is the measurement noise covariance defined in the MeasurementNoise property of the filter.

• H is the Jacobian of the measurement function defined in the MeasurementJacobianFcn property of the filter.

The residual covariance calculation for other filters can vary slightly from the one shown because tracking filters have different ways of propagating the covariance to the measurement space. For example, instead of using the Jacobian of the measurement function to propagate the covariance, unscented Kalman filters sample the covariance, and then propagate the sampled points.

The equation for the Mahalanobis distance, d², is

d² = z_res^TS^–1z_res,

The distance function computes the normalized distance, d_n, as

d_n = d² + log(|S|),

where log(|S|) is the logarithm of the determinant of residual covariance S.

The log(|S|) term accounts for tracks that are coasted, meaning that they are predicted but have not had an update for a long time. Tracks in this state can make S very large, resulting in a smaller Mahalanobis distance relative to the updated tracks. This difference in distance values can cause the coasted tracks to incorrectly take detections from the updated tracks. The log(|S|) term compensates for this effect by penalizing such tracks, whose predictions are highly uncertain.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2021a